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Fundamentals of ConstructionFundamentals of Construction is a foundational course in the Architecture & Construction cluster covering essential knowledge, skills, and concepts required for careers in construction.
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Course Standards
Safety
1) Identify safety hazards on a jobsite and demonstrate practices for safe working conditions.
Accurately read, interpret, and demonstrate adherence to safety rules, including but not limited
to rules pertaining to electrical safety, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
guidelines, and state and national code requirements. Be able to distinguish between the rules
and explain why certain rules apply.
2) Define and demonstrate adherence to industry-standard practices regarding general machine
safety, tool safety, equipment safety, electrical safety, and fire safety to protect all personnel
and equipment. For example, when operating tools and equipment, regularly inspect and
carefully employ the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), as recommended by
Occupational, Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) regulations. Incorporate safety procedures
when operating tools and equipment, such as hand and power tools, ladders, scaffolding, and
lifting equipment. Complete safety test with 100 percent accuracy.
3) Follow procedures to work safely around materials. Adhere to responsibilities for employees in
material safety as outlined by the Hazard Communication Standard (HazCom), such as locating
and interpreting material safety data sheets (MSDS). Demonstrate safe procedures to move
materials by planning the movement, properly lifting, stacking, and storing materials, and
selecting proper materials-handling equipment.
History of Architecture & Construction
4) Investigate the evolution of architecture and construction across a variety of civilizations
throughout history. Identify major architectural innovations, such as technological advances in
materials or construction processes. Create an annotated timeline or visual graphic illustrating
significant time periods in the development of construction.
Introduction to the Construction Industry
5) Drawing on resources from textbooks, websites, and research centers such as the National
Center for Construction Education and Research (NCCER), analyze the organization of the
modern construction industry. Distinguish among the various personnel involved in the industry
and explain the roles of each in the construction process, including but not limited to the owner,
developer, architects, engineers, building officials, contractors, suppliers, unions, and
professional craftsmen. For example, create a written report or infographic describing the basic
steps of traditional building delivery for a construction project (from pre-design to postconstruction),
outlining who and what is involved in each step.
6) Research basic regulations affecting today’s construction industry.
a. Investigate and report on the process for securing a building permit for a selected
location in the community.
b. Explain what a building code is and where to find published local building codes. Write
persuasively to defend why a particular building code is necessary.
7) Investigate the social, economic, and environmental impact of construction work at the local,
national, and global levels. Analyze current and emerging trends in the construction industry
such as LEED certification and green building design, critically examining each source consulted
for its validity and reasoning. Integrate findings into a written summary; for example, write an
informative essay on how the implementation of green construction practices (such as
preventing waste and recycling waste) affects the environment and cost of a project.
Career Exploration
8) Research the major professions and trades within construction, such as electrician, carpenter,
mason, plumber, HVAC technician, cost estimator, and construction manager. Produce a chart
or other graphic detailing the aptitudes and training needed for at least three careers of
interest. For example, outline the typical steps needed to become a journeyman electrician,
such as completing postsecondary training and obtaining on-the-job training through an
apprenticeship, and devise a tentative career plan to reach employment goals.
9) Evaluate jobs data and employment projections in the construction industry from sources such
as O*Net OnLine, synthesizing findings from each source. Determine areas of largest growth and
discuss the significance of construction to the national and global economy. Articulate why
construction is considered a STEM field, citing the specific knowledge, skills, and abilities
required to be successful in a variety of construction occupations.
Introduction to Measurement
10) Use physical measurement devices typically employed in construction to complete accurate field
measurements. Determine the appropriate units and record accurate measurements of lengths
and angles. Tools should include, but are not limited to: fractional rule, metric rule, measuring
tape, architect’s scale, engineer’s scale, dial caliper, micrometer, protractor, and square.
11) Interpret given linear and angular dimensions to accurately set up layouts to complete a project.
For example, use an architect’s scale to measure distance on a construction drawing, and then
use a measuring tape to lay out cuts in dimensional lumber to an accuracy of 1/16 inch.
Construction Math
12) Apply mathematics concepts to solve construction problems, distinguishing which principles
apply to a given construction problem. Concepts should include, but are not limited to:
a. Operating with whole numbers, fractions, and decimals.
b. Performing conversions between fractions, decimals, and percent. For example, convert
a decimal to a fraction to prepare a unit for measurement on a fractional scale to the
precision of 1/16 of an inch.
c. Working with units such as feet, inches, meters, centimeters, and millimeters, and
determining appropriate units for a given construction task. For example, determine
how many pieces of 2 ft. 4 in. PVC pipe may be cut from a 10 ft. piece and how much
pipe will be left over.
d. Calculating the area of two-dimensional spaces. Calculating surface area and volume for
three-dimensional objects employing related geometric terminology.
e. Performing proportionate reasoning to estimate quantities.
f. Using basic rules of right triangles, such as the Pythagorean Theorem, to find missing
lengths.
Tools & Equipment
13) Accurately identify a wide range of hand and power tools used in the construction trades, such
as striking tools, cutting tools, torque producing tools, leveling and squaring tools, grinding and
shaping tools, clamping tools, and pulling and lifting tools. Explain when each is used and
describe the characteristics that make each appropriate for a given task.
14) Assess a variety of situations requiring the use of hand tools, power tools, and equipment.
Select the proper tool and accessories, critique the readiness of the tool, use the tool to
accomplish the desired task, and then return the tool and accessories to their proper storage.
For example, demonstrate the ability to safely use a crosscut saw to cut a straight square to
specified dimensions on dimensional lumber.
Introduction to Building Systems and Materials
15) Compare and contrast the properties and uses of basic construction materials employed in
building construction processes, such as aggregates, asphalt, concrete, steel, wood, and
masonry materials.
16) Distinguish between the various types of fasteners commonly used in construction, such as
nails, screws, and bolts, by creating a visual display outlining the properties and uses of each
type. Demonstrate the ability to accurately select and install the appropriate fastener in a
variety of situations.
17) Using graphic illustrations and supporting text, identify and describe major building systems (i.e.
foundation, structural, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems) to establish a basic
knowledge of their purpose, structure, and function. Discriminate between the different types
of construction drawings related to these systems, analyze how those drawings are organized,
and interpret the common symbols used in each.
Construction Drawings & Specifications
18) Inspect and interpret construction drawings, diagrams, and written specifications for
construction projects. Explain how pictorial representations relate to a physical layout. Use an
architect’s scale and the given dimensions on a construction document to determine an
unknown dimension. For example, interpret electrical schedules and single-pole or three-way
light switch symbols in electrical plans to determine the types, quantities, and exact physical
locations of the light switches to be installed in a construction project.
19) Describe the purpose of specifications in a construction document set. Examine how
specifications are organized according to the Construction Specifications Institute’s (CSI) Master
Format. Select an assortment of building products and classify them according to Master
Format. Analyze actual specifications and create a list of items commonly included in a
specification. Following CSI models and format, write a specification for a given component of a
building project.
20) Create two-dimensional scale drawings using accepted dimensioning rules and measurement
systems. For example, as part of a project to build a simple structure, develop the complete
drawings that specify the dimensional details for each step of the construction process,
annotating all drawings such that another person could replicate the work.
Course Project
21) Interpret construction drawings to determine the correct materials, tools, and equipment
needed to complete a basic construction project. Plan and implement the steps needed to
complete the project, attending to precise details and employing safe practices throughout. For
example, read and interpret a technical document to build a simple tool box.
Portfolio
22) Compile important artifacts to create a portfolio connecting personal career preparation to
concepts learned in this course. Continually update and reflect upon artifacts produced,
including written products, to strengthen work samples over time, using technology where
appropriate.
Safety
1) Identify safety hazards on a jobsite and demonstrate practices for safe working conditions.
Accurately read, interpret, and demonstrate adherence to safety rules, including but not limited
to rules pertaining to electrical safety, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
guidelines, and state and national code requirements. Be able to distinguish between the rules
and explain why certain rules apply.
2) Define and demonstrate adherence to industry-standard practices regarding general machine
safety, tool safety, equipment safety, electrical safety, and fire safety to protect all personnel
and equipment. For example, when operating tools and equipment, regularly inspect and
carefully employ the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), as recommended by
Occupational, Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) regulations. Incorporate safety procedures
when operating tools and equipment, such as hand and power tools, ladders, scaffolding, and
lifting equipment. Complete safety test with 100 percent accuracy.
3) Follow procedures to work safely around materials. Adhere to responsibilities for employees in
material safety as outlined by the Hazard Communication Standard (HazCom), such as locating
and interpreting material safety data sheets (MSDS). Demonstrate safe procedures to move
materials by planning the movement, properly lifting, stacking, and storing materials, and
selecting proper materials-handling equipment.
History of Architecture & Construction
4) Investigate the evolution of architecture and construction across a variety of civilizations
throughout history. Identify major architectural innovations, such as technological advances in
materials or construction processes. Create an annotated timeline or visual graphic illustrating
significant time periods in the development of construction.
Introduction to the Construction Industry
5) Drawing on resources from textbooks, websites, and research centers such as the National
Center for Construction Education and Research (NCCER), analyze the organization of the
modern construction industry. Distinguish among the various personnel involved in the industry
and explain the roles of each in the construction process, including but not limited to the owner,
developer, architects, engineers, building officials, contractors, suppliers, unions, and
professional craftsmen. For example, create a written report or infographic describing the basic
steps of traditional building delivery for a construction project (from pre-design to postconstruction),
outlining who and what is involved in each step.
6) Research basic regulations affecting today’s construction industry.
a. Investigate and report on the process for securing a building permit for a selected
location in the community.
b. Explain what a building code is and where to find published local building codes. Write
persuasively to defend why a particular building code is necessary.
7) Investigate the social, economic, and environmental impact of construction work at the local,
national, and global levels. Analyze current and emerging trends in the construction industry
such as LEED certification and green building design, critically examining each source consulted
for its validity and reasoning. Integrate findings into a written summary; for example, write an
informative essay on how the implementation of green construction practices (such as
preventing waste and recycling waste) affects the environment and cost of a project.
Career Exploration
8) Research the major professions and trades within construction, such as electrician, carpenter,
mason, plumber, HVAC technician, cost estimator, and construction manager. Produce a chart
or other graphic detailing the aptitudes and training needed for at least three careers of
interest. For example, outline the typical steps needed to become a journeyman electrician,
such as completing postsecondary training and obtaining on-the-job training through an
apprenticeship, and devise a tentative career plan to reach employment goals.
9) Evaluate jobs data and employment projections in the construction industry from sources such
as O*Net OnLine, synthesizing findings from each source. Determine areas of largest growth and
discuss the significance of construction to the national and global economy. Articulate why
construction is considered a STEM field, citing the specific knowledge, skills, and abilities
required to be successful in a variety of construction occupations.
Introduction to Measurement
10) Use physical measurement devices typically employed in construction to complete accurate field
measurements. Determine the appropriate units and record accurate measurements of lengths
and angles. Tools should include, but are not limited to: fractional rule, metric rule, measuring
tape, architect’s scale, engineer’s scale, dial caliper, micrometer, protractor, and square.
11) Interpret given linear and angular dimensions to accurately set up layouts to complete a project.
For example, use an architect’s scale to measure distance on a construction drawing, and then
use a measuring tape to lay out cuts in dimensional lumber to an accuracy of 1/16 inch.
Construction Math
12) Apply mathematics concepts to solve construction problems, distinguishing which principles
apply to a given construction problem. Concepts should include, but are not limited to:
a. Operating with whole numbers, fractions, and decimals.
b. Performing conversions between fractions, decimals, and percent. For example, convert
a decimal to a fraction to prepare a unit for measurement on a fractional scale to the
precision of 1/16 of an inch.
c. Working with units such as feet, inches, meters, centimeters, and millimeters, and
determining appropriate units for a given construction task. For example, determine
how many pieces of 2 ft. 4 in. PVC pipe may be cut from a 10 ft. piece and how much
pipe will be left over.
d. Calculating the area of two-dimensional spaces. Calculating surface area and volume for
three-dimensional objects employing related geometric terminology.
e. Performing proportionate reasoning to estimate quantities.
f. Using basic rules of right triangles, such as the Pythagorean Theorem, to find missing
lengths.
Tools & Equipment
13) Accurately identify a wide range of hand and power tools used in the construction trades, such
as striking tools, cutting tools, torque producing tools, leveling and squaring tools, grinding and
shaping tools, clamping tools, and pulling and lifting tools. Explain when each is used and
describe the characteristics that make each appropriate for a given task.
14) Assess a variety of situations requiring the use of hand tools, power tools, and equipment.
Select the proper tool and accessories, critique the readiness of the tool, use the tool to
accomplish the desired task, and then return the tool and accessories to their proper storage.
For example, demonstrate the ability to safely use a crosscut saw to cut a straight square to
specified dimensions on dimensional lumber.
Introduction to Building Systems and Materials
15) Compare and contrast the properties and uses of basic construction materials employed in
building construction processes, such as aggregates, asphalt, concrete, steel, wood, and
masonry materials.
16) Distinguish between the various types of fasteners commonly used in construction, such as
nails, screws, and bolts, by creating a visual display outlining the properties and uses of each
type. Demonstrate the ability to accurately select and install the appropriate fastener in a
variety of situations.
17) Using graphic illustrations and supporting text, identify and describe major building systems (i.e.
foundation, structural, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems) to establish a basic
knowledge of their purpose, structure, and function. Discriminate between the different types
of construction drawings related to these systems, analyze how those drawings are organized,
and interpret the common symbols used in each.
Construction Drawings & Specifications
18) Inspect and interpret construction drawings, diagrams, and written specifications for
construction projects. Explain how pictorial representations relate to a physical layout. Use an
architect’s scale and the given dimensions on a construction document to determine an
unknown dimension. For example, interpret electrical schedules and single-pole or three-way
light switch symbols in electrical plans to determine the types, quantities, and exact physical
locations of the light switches to be installed in a construction project.
19) Describe the purpose of specifications in a construction document set. Examine how
specifications are organized according to the Construction Specifications Institute’s (CSI) Master
Format. Select an assortment of building products and classify them according to Master
Format. Analyze actual specifications and create a list of items commonly included in a
specification. Following CSI models and format, write a specification for a given component of a
building project.
20) Create two-dimensional scale drawings using accepted dimensioning rules and measurement
systems. For example, as part of a project to build a simple structure, develop the complete
drawings that specify the dimensional details for each step of the construction process,
annotating all drawings such that another person could replicate the work.
Course Project
21) Interpret construction drawings to determine the correct materials, tools, and equipment
needed to complete a basic construction project. Plan and implement the steps needed to
complete the project, attending to precise details and employing safe practices throughout. For
example, read and interpret a technical document to build a simple tool box.
Portfolio
22) Compile important artifacts to create a portfolio connecting personal career preparation to
concepts learned in this course. Continually update and reflect upon artifacts produced,
including written products, to strengthen work samples over time, using technology where
appropriate.