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Principles of ManufacturingPrinciples of Manufacturing is designed to provide students with exposure to various occupations and pathways in the Advanced Manufacturing career cluster, such as Machining Technology, Electromechanical Technology, Mechatronics, and Welding.
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Course Standards
Safety
1) Accurately read, interpret, and demonstrate adherence to safety rules, including rules published
by the (1) National Science Teachers Association (NSTA), (2) rules pertaining to electrical safety,
(3) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines, (4) American Society for
Testing Materials, (4) ANSI Z49.1: Safety and Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, and (5)
state and national code requirements. Be able to distinguish between rules and explain why
certain rules apply.
2) Identify and explain the intended use of safety equipment available in the classroom. For
example, demonstrate how to properly inspect, use, store, and maintain safe operating
procedures with tools and equipment.
Overview of Manufacturing
3) Define manufacturing and describe how it is used to solve problems. Research the five general
steps of manufacturing (preparation, processing, assembly, finishing, and packaging). Select a
product and trace its development through each of the five steps. For example, deliver a
presentation explaining how a smart phone goes from raw materials to final packaged product.
4) Distinguish between primary and secondary processes involved in the manufacture of industrial
goods into finished products. Summarize in a graphic illustration or narrative how different
processes make use of specific manufacturing applications, such as the use of welding in
assembling processes. Relate the specific operations required to implement the following
secondary processes:
a. Casting and molding (e.g., sand casting)
b. Forming (e.g., metal forming)
c. Separating (e.g., machining)
d. Assembling (e.g., welding)
e. Direct digital and additive manufacturing (e.g., 3-D printing)
f. Finishing (e.g., electroplating)
5) Research the history of manufacturing. Summarize its evolution from the Industrial Age to the
rise of mechanization and automation in the manufacturing industry. Create a timeline or
infographic that identifies milestones in the industry that led to today’s advanced manufacturing
environments. For example, discuss both the history of the assembly line and the use of robots,
describing how they transformed the manufacturing industry.
6) Explain that manufacturing is a technological system that transforms raw materials into
products in a central location (e.g., a factory). Technological systems include the following
elements: inputs, processes, outputs, feedback, and goals. As a team, select a manufacturing
system, such as metal fabrication, and use diagrams and other multimedia to demonstrate its
operation. Identify each element and explain its role in the system.
7) Explore the onset of advanced manufacturing and explain how it applies information,
automation, computation, software, sensing, and networking to make traditional processes
more efficient. Describe how advanced manufacturing incorporates the use of modern materials
and recent discoveries in physical and biological sciences. For example, report on the use of
nanotechnology.
Materials
8) Identify and describe a wide range of materials used in manufacturing: organic, inorganic,
engineering (metallic, polymeric, ceramic, composite), and non-engineering (gases and liquids).
Distinguish between the materials and provide examples of how they are converted into
products.
9) In teams, research the major material properties: physical, mechanical, chemical, thermal,
electrical/magnetic, acoustical, and optical. Considering the use of materials in the various areas
of advanced manufacturing (e.g., welding, machining, mechatronics, and electromechanical
technology), discuss the following:
a. Characteristics that make up the physical properties of a material
b. How the mechanical properties affect the way a material will react to forces or loads
c. How natural elements react with a material and affect its performance
d. Characteristics that make up thermal properties of a material (e.g., thermal resistance,
thermal expansion, thermal emission, thermal shock resistance)
e. Three major groups of materials that carry an electrical current (e.g., conductors,
semiconductors, resistors)
f. Two major properties that describe how a material reacts to sound waves (e.g.,
acoustical transmission, acoustical reflection)
g. Three general optical properties (e.g., color, light transmission, light reflection).
Explain why these properties are important to the selection and application of materials in a
production setting.
Career Exploration
10) In teams, use an online editing tool to develop an informational paper or infographic illustrating
various career opportunities and pathways in the advanced manufacturing industry (welding,
mechatronics, machining technology, and electromechanical technology). The descriptions
should contain definitions, job roles, professional societies, and applicable licenses and/or
certifications associated with each career. Use a variety of sources to gather data, cite each
source, and briefly describe why the chosen source is reliable.
11) Research the postsecondary institutions (colleges of applied technology, community colleges,
and four-year universities) in Tennessee and other states that offer programs leading to careers
in advanced manufacturing. Write an informative paper or develop an infographic identifying
admissions criteria, the postsecondary programs of study, and the secondary courses that will
prepare individuals to be successful in a postsecondary program.
Layout and Measurement
12) Identify and demonstrate proper use of the following typical measuring tools. Determine when
it is appropriate to use linear distance, diameter, and angle measuring tools, and record
accurate and repeatable measurements, attending to appropriate units and quantities.
a. Tape rule
b. Machinist’s rule
c. Bench rule
d. Caliper
e. Divider
f. Depth gage
g. Micrometer
h. Square
i. Protractor
j. Combination set
13) Explain why proper layout is critical to making parts properly. Select a typical part and correctly
demonstrate the following steps, or use a similar multistep procedure, to lay out the shape of a
part.
a. Measure off the part size on standard stock.
b. Cut the part blank out of the standard stock.
c. Draw center lines for holes and arcs.
d. Locate holes and arcs.
e. Mark centers of holes.
f. Draw tangent lines.
g. Layout straight cuts.
Blueprint Reading and Interpretation
14) Define the differences in technique among freehand sketching, manual drafting, and computeraided
drafting (CAD), and describe the skills required for each. Create a two-dimensional
orthographic (multiview) drawing incorporating labels, notes, and dimensions, using
sketching/geometric construction techniques. Apply basic dimensioning rules and properly use
different types of lines (e.g., object, hidden, center). The orthographic projections should
include principle views of a simple object from top, front, and right sides.
15) Compare and contrast the following types of engineering drawings. Describe the characteristics
and explain the different applications of each drawing type. Identify and distinguish between
symbols that are unique to the different pathways in advanced manufacturing (e.g., machining
technology, electromechanical technology, mechatronics, and welding). For example,
electromechanical technology often uses schematic symbols for common electrical components
and machining technology often uses symbols for surface finishes.
a. Detail drawings
b. Assembly drawings
c. Systems drawings
16) Inspect and interpret blueprints, schematic diagrams, or written specifications for
manufacturing devices and systems. Explain how the pictorial representations relate to an
actual project layout, verifying sufficient agreement as prescribed by specified tolerances. For
example, use a hydraulic schematic to show how fluid travels through a hydraulic circuit in an
actual system.
Sequencing of Manufacturing Operations
17) In teams, investigate the role of a manufacturing engineer in designing efficient manufacturing
systems. Create samples of the following documents which engineers often use to ensure that
manufacturing operations are completed in a logical and efficient order. Use the sample
documents to manage the completion of short projects and assignments in this course.
Documents include the following:
a. Operation sheet
b. Flow process chart
c. Operations process chart
Quality Assurance and Continuous Improvement
18) In teams, research the three basic types of data that are important to controlling the
manufacturing of a product: product output data, quality control data, and labor data. Describe
and explain each type, including sample illustrations of the various reports needed by analysts
(e.g., production report, material rejection form, inspection report). Provide examples of how a
process can be improved depending on the outcome of each data type.
19) Examine common statistical processes to analyze data. As a class, develop standard procedures
for analysis to apply to manufacturing projects throughout the course and program of study.
The procedures should include:
a) Collection of data
b) Analysis methods
c) Interpretation of results
20) Define the concept of quality control in the manufacturing industry. Summarize the roles of
various personnel involved in ensuring quality control over production, including those who
make the products, those who design the processes, and those who inspect the finished
products. Describe why quality control is important to manufacturing processes, including how
it affects customers, retailers, and manufacturers. Provide examples of how quality control
could be applied to various manufacturing practices like electromechanical technology,
machining technology, mechatronics, and welding.
21) As a class, research quality improvement tools and strategies such as the Plan-Do-Check-Act
cycle, and collaboratively create quality control guidelines and reports to reference as products
are fabricated and assembled throughout the semester and program of study. Include plans for
corrective action to address common quality problems.
22) Investigate the functions of process management in a manufacturing workplace: planning,
organizing, directing, and controlling. Explain each function and describe the relationship
between process management and quality assurance. For example, compare and contrast the
costs of preventive maintenance, safety practices, and quality control with the costs of
equipment repair, workplace accidents, and inefficient processes.
Machining Technology
23) Demonstrate proper application of common machine shop hand tools. Identify the following
tools and provide examples of how they should be used safely.
a. Clamping devices
b. Pliers
c. Wrenches
d. Screwdrivers
e. Chisels
f. Hacksaws
g. Reamers
h. Hand taps
i. Dies
Given a specific machining assignment, select two or more of the above hand tools for the task.
Explain why the tools were selected to complete the assignment.
24) Identify and explain the equipment, equipment setup, and techniques that apply to the
following operations:
a. Sawing
b. Drilling
c. Grinding
d. Milling
Given a specific machining assignment, comply with safe and efficient work practices and
perform basic operations using both manual and machine-guided techniques. Properly set
controls and speeds of the machines; remove and replace parts; and visually examine machined
surfaces for meeting the given specifications.
25) Research the development of numerical control machines, including how computer numerical
control (CNC) technology evolved. Compare and contrast CNC machines with manually
controlled machines and identify the chief benefits associated with them. Demonstrate
operation of a CNC machine to perform basic tasks.
Mechatronics
26) In teams, research the history of mechatronics and summarize how it evolved into modern-day
applications. Using the research findings, create an infographic or presentation that can be used
to (a) explain the mechatronics field, (b) why it is critical to the advanced manufacturing
industry, (c) the skills needed to be successful in this field, and (d) why there is a demand for
mechatronics professionals.
27) Identify and describe the following components of a typical mechatronic system. Select a
common machine, such as a robot or a copy machine, to illustrate an example of a mechatronic
system. Using supporting evidence from the machine and/or its accompanying schematic,
explain why the machine is considered a mechatronic system.
a. Actuators
b. Sensors
c. Digital control devices
d. Input devices
e. Output devices
f. Graphical displays
28) Log, store, and export data received from two or more sensors (e.g., vision/light, audio, and
touch) in a robotic or automated system. Explain why these procedures would be useful in a
manufacturing process and provide specific examples.
Electromechanical Technology
29) Explain how belt drives and chain drives are used to transmit power in an electromechanical
system. Compare and contrast the two drive types and describe the advantages and
disadvantages of using each. Make a claim about the appropriate drive type for a given
situation, citing data and evidence to support claim and address counterclaims.
30) Identify and define the following common electrical quantities, including the unit of
measurement and symbol (abbreviation) for each unit.
a. Current
b. Voltage
c. Resistance
d. Conductance
e. Power
f. Charge
31) Compare and contrast the two types of fluid power systems (pneumatic and hydraulic). Describe
and explain the components they have in common; then identify the characteristics that render
certain advantages to using one system over the other. For example, heavy construction
machinery often uses hydraulic systems because they have the ability to support heavy loads.
Welding
32) Interpret welding-specific drawings and welding symbol information. Differentiating between
drawings and blueprints, examine parts to determine the application of symbols from drawings,
sketches, and blueprints.
33) Examine given shop and assembly drawings for a weldment composed of five to ten
components. Interpret the dimensions and write a plan describing the materials and tools
needed to complete the assignment. Make the required cuts and execute the plan.
34) Identify and explain the equipment, equipment setup, and techniques that apply to the
following thermal cutting operations:
a. Oxyfuel cutting
Approved January 30, 2015
Page 9
b. Plasma-arc cutting
c. Air carbon arc cutting
d. Sawing
e. Shearing
f. Punching
Perform straight, shaped, and beveled cutting operations using both manual and machineguided
techniques. Properly use weld-washing techniques and visually examine cut surfaces for
meeting the given specifications.
Latest Trends in Advanced Manufacturing
35) Explore a range of new and emerging trends in advanced manufacturing. A trend could be the
change in the types of skills needed in manufacturing, the use of computers, or the use of
advanced materials in recent years. Examples include the following:
a. Sensing, measurement, and process control
b. Materials design, synthesis, and processing
c. Digital manufacturing technologies
d. Sustainable manufacturing
e. Nanomanufacturing
f. Flexible electronics manufacturing
g. Biomanufacturing
h. Additive manufacturing
i. Industrial robotics
j. Advanced forming and joining technologies
Research one or more of these trends in depth, and compile, review, and revise a presentation
or a paper explaining both the technical aspects involved (i.e., what skills are needed) and the
effects on businesses, workers, and society.
Safety
1) Accurately read, interpret, and demonstrate adherence to safety rules, including rules published
by the (1) National Science Teachers Association (NSTA), (2) rules pertaining to electrical safety,
(3) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines, (4) American Society for
Testing Materials, (4) ANSI Z49.1: Safety and Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, and (5)
state and national code requirements. Be able to distinguish between rules and explain why
certain rules apply.
2) Identify and explain the intended use of safety equipment available in the classroom. For
example, demonstrate how to properly inspect, use, store, and maintain safe operating
procedures with tools and equipment.
Overview of Manufacturing
3) Define manufacturing and describe how it is used to solve problems. Research the five general
steps of manufacturing (preparation, processing, assembly, finishing, and packaging). Select a
product and trace its development through each of the five steps. For example, deliver a
presentation explaining how a smart phone goes from raw materials to final packaged product.
4) Distinguish between primary and secondary processes involved in the manufacture of industrial
goods into finished products. Summarize in a graphic illustration or narrative how different
processes make use of specific manufacturing applications, such as the use of welding in
assembling processes. Relate the specific operations required to implement the following
secondary processes:
a. Casting and molding (e.g., sand casting)
b. Forming (e.g., metal forming)
c. Separating (e.g., machining)
d. Assembling (e.g., welding)
e. Direct digital and additive manufacturing (e.g., 3-D printing)
f. Finishing (e.g., electroplating)
5) Research the history of manufacturing. Summarize its evolution from the Industrial Age to the
rise of mechanization and automation in the manufacturing industry. Create a timeline or
infographic that identifies milestones in the industry that led to today’s advanced manufacturing
environments. For example, discuss both the history of the assembly line and the use of robots,
describing how they transformed the manufacturing industry.
6) Explain that manufacturing is a technological system that transforms raw materials into
products in a central location (e.g., a factory). Technological systems include the following
elements: inputs, processes, outputs, feedback, and goals. As a team, select a manufacturing
system, such as metal fabrication, and use diagrams and other multimedia to demonstrate its
operation. Identify each element and explain its role in the system.
7) Explore the onset of advanced manufacturing and explain how it applies information,
automation, computation, software, sensing, and networking to make traditional processes
more efficient. Describe how advanced manufacturing incorporates the use of modern materials
and recent discoveries in physical and biological sciences. For example, report on the use of
nanotechnology.
Materials
8) Identify and describe a wide range of materials used in manufacturing: organic, inorganic,
engineering (metallic, polymeric, ceramic, composite), and non-engineering (gases and liquids).
Distinguish between the materials and provide examples of how they are converted into
products.
9) In teams, research the major material properties: physical, mechanical, chemical, thermal,
electrical/magnetic, acoustical, and optical. Considering the use of materials in the various areas
of advanced manufacturing (e.g., welding, machining, mechatronics, and electromechanical
technology), discuss the following:
a. Characteristics that make up the physical properties of a material
b. How the mechanical properties affect the way a material will react to forces or loads
c. How natural elements react with a material and affect its performance
d. Characteristics that make up thermal properties of a material (e.g., thermal resistance,
thermal expansion, thermal emission, thermal shock resistance)
e. Three major groups of materials that carry an electrical current (e.g., conductors,
semiconductors, resistors)
f. Two major properties that describe how a material reacts to sound waves (e.g.,
acoustical transmission, acoustical reflection)
g. Three general optical properties (e.g., color, light transmission, light reflection).
Explain why these properties are important to the selection and application of materials in a
production setting.
Career Exploration
10) In teams, use an online editing tool to develop an informational paper or infographic illustrating
various career opportunities and pathways in the advanced manufacturing industry (welding,
mechatronics, machining technology, and electromechanical technology). The descriptions
should contain definitions, job roles, professional societies, and applicable licenses and/or
certifications associated with each career. Use a variety of sources to gather data, cite each
source, and briefly describe why the chosen source is reliable.
11) Research the postsecondary institutions (colleges of applied technology, community colleges,
and four-year universities) in Tennessee and other states that offer programs leading to careers
in advanced manufacturing. Write an informative paper or develop an infographic identifying
admissions criteria, the postsecondary programs of study, and the secondary courses that will
prepare individuals to be successful in a postsecondary program.
Layout and Measurement
12) Identify and demonstrate proper use of the following typical measuring tools. Determine when
it is appropriate to use linear distance, diameter, and angle measuring tools, and record
accurate and repeatable measurements, attending to appropriate units and quantities.
a. Tape rule
b. Machinist’s rule
c. Bench rule
d. Caliper
e. Divider
f. Depth gage
g. Micrometer
h. Square
i. Protractor
j. Combination set
13) Explain why proper layout is critical to making parts properly. Select a typical part and correctly
demonstrate the following steps, or use a similar multistep procedure, to lay out the shape of a
part.
a. Measure off the part size on standard stock.
b. Cut the part blank out of the standard stock.
c. Draw center lines for holes and arcs.
d. Locate holes and arcs.
e. Mark centers of holes.
f. Draw tangent lines.
g. Layout straight cuts.
Blueprint Reading and Interpretation
14) Define the differences in technique among freehand sketching, manual drafting, and computeraided
drafting (CAD), and describe the skills required for each. Create a two-dimensional
orthographic (multiview) drawing incorporating labels, notes, and dimensions, using
sketching/geometric construction techniques. Apply basic dimensioning rules and properly use
different types of lines (e.g., object, hidden, center). The orthographic projections should
include principle views of a simple object from top, front, and right sides.
15) Compare and contrast the following types of engineering drawings. Describe the characteristics
and explain the different applications of each drawing type. Identify and distinguish between
symbols that are unique to the different pathways in advanced manufacturing (e.g., machining
technology, electromechanical technology, mechatronics, and welding). For example,
electromechanical technology often uses schematic symbols for common electrical components
and machining technology often uses symbols for surface finishes.
a. Detail drawings
b. Assembly drawings
c. Systems drawings
16) Inspect and interpret blueprints, schematic diagrams, or written specifications for
manufacturing devices and systems. Explain how the pictorial representations relate to an
actual project layout, verifying sufficient agreement as prescribed by specified tolerances. For
example, use a hydraulic schematic to show how fluid travels through a hydraulic circuit in an
actual system.
Sequencing of Manufacturing Operations
17) In teams, investigate the role of a manufacturing engineer in designing efficient manufacturing
systems. Create samples of the following documents which engineers often use to ensure that
manufacturing operations are completed in a logical and efficient order. Use the sample
documents to manage the completion of short projects and assignments in this course.
Documents include the following:
a. Operation sheet
b. Flow process chart
c. Operations process chart
Quality Assurance and Continuous Improvement
18) In teams, research the three basic types of data that are important to controlling the
manufacturing of a product: product output data, quality control data, and labor data. Describe
and explain each type, including sample illustrations of the various reports needed by analysts
(e.g., production report, material rejection form, inspection report). Provide examples of how a
process can be improved depending on the outcome of each data type.
19) Examine common statistical processes to analyze data. As a class, develop standard procedures
for analysis to apply to manufacturing projects throughout the course and program of study.
The procedures should include:
a) Collection of data
b) Analysis methods
c) Interpretation of results
20) Define the concept of quality control in the manufacturing industry. Summarize the roles of
various personnel involved in ensuring quality control over production, including those who
make the products, those who design the processes, and those who inspect the finished
products. Describe why quality control is important to manufacturing processes, including how
it affects customers, retailers, and manufacturers. Provide examples of how quality control
could be applied to various manufacturing practices like electromechanical technology,
machining technology, mechatronics, and welding.
21) As a class, research quality improvement tools and strategies such as the Plan-Do-Check-Act
cycle, and collaboratively create quality control guidelines and reports to reference as products
are fabricated and assembled throughout the semester and program of study. Include plans for
corrective action to address common quality problems.
22) Investigate the functions of process management in a manufacturing workplace: planning,
organizing, directing, and controlling. Explain each function and describe the relationship
between process management and quality assurance. For example, compare and contrast the
costs of preventive maintenance, safety practices, and quality control with the costs of
equipment repair, workplace accidents, and inefficient processes.
Machining Technology
23) Demonstrate proper application of common machine shop hand tools. Identify the following
tools and provide examples of how they should be used safely.
a. Clamping devices
b. Pliers
c. Wrenches
d. Screwdrivers
e. Chisels
f. Hacksaws
g. Reamers
h. Hand taps
i. Dies
Given a specific machining assignment, select two or more of the above hand tools for the task.
Explain why the tools were selected to complete the assignment.
24) Identify and explain the equipment, equipment setup, and techniques that apply to the
following operations:
a. Sawing
b. Drilling
c. Grinding
d. Milling
Given a specific machining assignment, comply with safe and efficient work practices and
perform basic operations using both manual and machine-guided techniques. Properly set
controls and speeds of the machines; remove and replace parts; and visually examine machined
surfaces for meeting the given specifications.
25) Research the development of numerical control machines, including how computer numerical
control (CNC) technology evolved. Compare and contrast CNC machines with manually
controlled machines and identify the chief benefits associated with them. Demonstrate
operation of a CNC machine to perform basic tasks.
Mechatronics
26) In teams, research the history of mechatronics and summarize how it evolved into modern-day
applications. Using the research findings, create an infographic or presentation that can be used
to (a) explain the mechatronics field, (b) why it is critical to the advanced manufacturing
industry, (c) the skills needed to be successful in this field, and (d) why there is a demand for
mechatronics professionals.
27) Identify and describe the following components of a typical mechatronic system. Select a
common machine, such as a robot or a copy machine, to illustrate an example of a mechatronic
system. Using supporting evidence from the machine and/or its accompanying schematic,
explain why the machine is considered a mechatronic system.
a. Actuators
b. Sensors
c. Digital control devices
d. Input devices
e. Output devices
f. Graphical displays
28) Log, store, and export data received from two or more sensors (e.g., vision/light, audio, and
touch) in a robotic or automated system. Explain why these procedures would be useful in a
manufacturing process and provide specific examples.
Electromechanical Technology
29) Explain how belt drives and chain drives are used to transmit power in an electromechanical
system. Compare and contrast the two drive types and describe the advantages and
disadvantages of using each. Make a claim about the appropriate drive type for a given
situation, citing data and evidence to support claim and address counterclaims.
30) Identify and define the following common electrical quantities, including the unit of
measurement and symbol (abbreviation) for each unit.
a. Current
b. Voltage
c. Resistance
d. Conductance
e. Power
f. Charge
31) Compare and contrast the two types of fluid power systems (pneumatic and hydraulic). Describe
and explain the components they have in common; then identify the characteristics that render
certain advantages to using one system over the other. For example, heavy construction
machinery often uses hydraulic systems because they have the ability to support heavy loads.
Welding
32) Interpret welding-specific drawings and welding symbol information. Differentiating between
drawings and blueprints, examine parts to determine the application of symbols from drawings,
sketches, and blueprints.
33) Examine given shop and assembly drawings for a weldment composed of five to ten
components. Interpret the dimensions and write a plan describing the materials and tools
needed to complete the assignment. Make the required cuts and execute the plan.
34) Identify and explain the equipment, equipment setup, and techniques that apply to the
following thermal cutting operations:
a. Oxyfuel cutting
Approved January 30, 2015
Page 9
b. Plasma-arc cutting
c. Air carbon arc cutting
d. Sawing
e. Shearing
f. Punching
Perform straight, shaped, and beveled cutting operations using both manual and machineguided
techniques. Properly use weld-washing techniques and visually examine cut surfaces for
meeting the given specifications.
Latest Trends in Advanced Manufacturing
35) Explore a range of new and emerging trends in advanced manufacturing. A trend could be the
change in the types of skills needed in manufacturing, the use of computers, or the use of
advanced materials in recent years. Examples include the following:
a. Sensing, measurement, and process control
b. Materials design, synthesis, and processing
c. Digital manufacturing technologies
d. Sustainable manufacturing
e. Nanomanufacturing
f. Flexible electronics manufacturing
g. Biomanufacturing
h. Additive manufacturing
i. Industrial robotics
j. Advanced forming and joining technologies
Research one or more of these trends in depth, and compile, review, and revise a presentation
or a paper explaining both the technical aspects involved (i.e., what skills are needed) and the
effects on businesses, workers, and society.